cigarette smokers life expectancy smoking causes premature morbidity and mortality leading to a Mortality in relation to smoking:
Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors PMC Smoking remains one of the leading preventable causes of cancer worldwide. It affects nearly every organ in the body and significantly increases the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic respiratory conditions. A model based comparison of life expectancy by smoking status Discover Public Health Springer Nature Link Light smoking at base line predicts a higher mortality risk to women than to men; evidence from a cohort with long follow up BMC Public Health Springer Nature Link
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