Research has demonstrated that specific microbial groups are responsible for producing distinct types of SCFAs
- different GST isoenzymes exist in plants Often GSTs are the basis of herbicide selectivity: - crop plants (maize): high GST activity - competing weeds: low GST activity Herbicide detoxification by GSTs Triazines: atrazine, simazine Chloroacetanilides: acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor Thiocarbamates: EPTC Nitrodiphenylethers: acifluorfen, fluorodifen Sulfonylureas: chlorimuron ethyl Others: chlorfenprop-methyl, metribuzin Transgenic tobacco Transformation of tobacco with a maize gene encoding the GST27 isoenzyme conferred tolerance to chloroacetanilide herbicides (Jepson et al., 1997) Herbicide safeners (antidotes) Wide range of synthetic compounds They increase the herbicide tolerance in crop plants (usually in cereals) Mode of action: Selective induction of GST isoenzymes participating in herbicide detoxification Other toxic GST substrates 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 4-nitropyridine-N-oxide p-nitrophenethyl-bromide p-nitrobenzyl chloride bromosulfophthalein Classical definition of GSTs: GSTs catalyze the conjugation of glutathione to a wide range of toxic and hydrophobic compounds large isoenzyme family predominantly cytosolic in maize: 1-2% of all soluble proteins endogenous, physiological substrates
Nakamura, T., Arii, S., Monden, Z., Furutani, M., Takeda, Y., Imamura, M., Tominaga, M
The active centers of GPX5, GPX7 and GPX8 are mainly cysteine
