risks associated with tobacco The most important harmful effects of smoking on human health The Dangers of America's Nicotine

When more than two groups are compared, variances are estimated by treating the relative risks as floating absolute risks (FARs)

Smoking during prostate cancer treatment increases risk for metastases, mortality Patients who smoked during treatment for localized prostate cancer faced an increased risk for biochemical recurrence, metastasis and cancer-specific death, according to findings published in JAMA Oncology

However, smoking has many other health effects and the potential benefits of simply reducing the number of cigarettes smoked without quitting should be weighed against the following: Nicotine is a reproductive toxicant and smoking has been found to contribute to adverse health effects on pregnancy including preterm birth and stillbirth

The head is bent downward sharply, nearly at right angles to the body, giving a humpbacked appearance when viewed from the side