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56 The total weight of evidence from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies, combined with the high theoretical plausibility from the perspective of social influences, indicates a causal relationship between exposure to movie smoking depictions and youth smoking initiation. Chapter 10, p.413 56 After the 2008 publication of the NCI report, multiple population-based cross-sectional studies continued to be published, providing consistent evidence that exposure to depictions of smoking in movies causes smoking among young people

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Instead, smoking is a net negative for most nations, costing the world more than US$ 1.8 trillion annually in healthcare expenditure and lost productivity

1 2 Chapman 2015, p